Moving the Nigerian State Forward
With the entire global landscape frequently experiencing change both between the last decade and this new one, Nigeria has more or less remained either stagnant, in some areas, or retrogressive, in others.
Opinion Articles
An Overview Of Plastic Surgery In Nigeria by Oluwatimilehin Folarin.
Most lovers of Nigerian comedy do not need to think twice before agreeing that the most-watched comedies are those featuring ladies with dangling big butts, enticing boobs, and curving bodies that keep viewers stuck to the screen. You can pause for a second to ponder on it. Most likely, you smiled in agreement, right? By the way, it is not only the comedy space, even the entertainment and fashion industries follow the same trend. Unarguably, people now have easy access to feed their eyes with content that drives their desire beyond the expected. The craving to be curvaceous is now a prevalent desire eating up the minds of thousands of people. Some months ago, a good friend of mine told me about one of his female friends who got entangled in the realm of depression because she was not happy about her body shape. A newly admitted university student for that matter! Why on earth could she be overwhelmed with such thought? At least, she has her academics and some other issues of life to ponder on. However, we cannot solely blame her; the society has presented a competition mirage amongst the young ones. Every young person out there wants to impress. Many complaints are clouding their minds. If they don’t grumble that boys are not interested in them because their boobs are not noticeable, it will be, “I am not attracted to guys owing to my flat butt.” Similarly, you will hear from the boys that “the girls are not looking in my direction because I look old.” All these are laughable right? Well, I am not here to dwell on the comic part, but rather, to give a surgical evaluation on the subject topic and proffer potential solutions. Plastic surgery is the process of consciously altering the human body. It can be broadly divided into two: reconstructive and cosmetic surgery. While the former aims to reconstruct or improve the functionality of a part of the body, the latter aims at making better the appearance of parts of the body. Although plastic surgery itself is not a bad act, the rising intents amongst people have painted the wrong image in the sight of all. For example, a person suffering from post-nasal drip, breathing problems, or even snoring can proceed to do a Rhinoplasty (nose reshaping) to correct the structural defects like deviated septum in the nose. Likewise, you can have liposuction to be physically active or reduce the chances of having diabetes, heart pressure, or even developing increased blood pressure. It is no more a news that social media platforms have been pervaded with the professed death of a Port Harcourt Socialite, Christabel Miriam Gabriel. It was reported that she died after hip surgery at the Cynosure Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Clinics in the Mende area of Maryland, Lagos State. Even though the friends of the deceased appealed that she lost her life out of medical laxity, the hospital management rebutted the claim stating that the patient died four days after the surgery. While the police are doing their investigation regarding the cause of the death, this essay will be investigating some wrong motives of people regarding plastic surgery. The leading cause of plastic surgery nowadays is the desire to belong. Sadly, this has landed some people in grave consequences for their actions and inactions because they want to have a striking structural resemblance to actresses with sculptured hips, provocative curves, or sexy shapes. Another factor is the prevalence of social media. Dr. Dennis Schimpf, FASC, founder of “Sweetgrass Plastic Surgery,” opined that social media platforms have massively influenced the desire for plastic surgery. Many young boys and girls want to have the same curvy shape as people they see when they surf the internet. Also, low self-esteem is a driving force. When you lack confidence about your natural being, you would be prone to make decisions against your wish. The feeling of being unloved, incompetent, or inadequate finds expression when you have the mindset that you are not appreciated because of an assumed ageing look or unattractive body structure. I will be partial if I fail to account for how the society is impelling the youths to have big bodies. We are in the era where a lady with bigger breasts or conspicuous butt gets the leading role in a play, show, or thrown-up opportunity. This is because it will yield more views, likes, and even more downloads as the case may be. No matter how well we try to disprove this growing trend, the harsh reality is what is happening. I have witnessed it, and I am sure we have seen or watched it happen too. “Talent is good, but the curvy shape is more important” is the new message preached. Moving forward, it can be dangerous if there is no control over this longing to reconstruct the body shape to look like the likes of Anita Joseph, Ini Edo, Destiny Etiko, etc. One of the most pathetic effects is that the person involved can lose his/her life in the process. Aside from death, in some cases, it could lead to hematoma – a huge excruciating bruise that appears like a pocket of blood. Sympathetically, another surgery will be needed in most situations to drain out the blood. Similarly, plastic surgery can be accompanied by a tingling sensation and unresponsiveness. It has been reported that most ladies lose nipple sensation after undergoing breast augmentation. Additionally, on a few occasions, there might be a complication of cellulitis – a severe bacterial skin infection. In a society engrossed in a competitive structure and knowing fully well that plastic surgery could be beneficial or be the saving grace while faced with some problems associated with the body, what then are the ways out? First, before going for that plastic surgery, question the motive. The answer you give will present an unbiased view of whether to proceed or not. Associating with friends of like minds matters a lot
The Rising Trend Of Plastic Surgery Among Women by Precious Aliu.
INTRODUCTION With the costly intense procedure of plastic surgery, it is a wonder why there is a raising craze for the surgery. But to be sincere, if people were asked to choose between a woman with an oval wrinkle free face, well-defined nose and lips, an hourglass body with a thin waist, flat tummy and big boobs and a woman with a chubby wrinkled face, bonny nose, fat, overweight shapeless body, most would chose the hourglass woman as the best stature. Why? Because she looks perfect. WHAT IS PLASTIC SURGERY Plastic surgery, often referred to as “one of the world oldest healing arts” has nothing to do with plastic. The word originated from a Greek word “plastikos” which means to mold or shape. It is therefore a surgery dedicated to reconstruct facial and body defects due to birth disorders, trauma, burns and diseases. This is why it is also referred to as reconstructive surgery. The practice of altering body tissue to improve and restore the human body has been since ancient times, but this practice came into the lime light in the 20th century when the casualties of the war made reconstructive surgery a necessity for many soldiers. During World War I, military physicians were required to treat many facial and head injuries caused by modern weapons. The main aim of plastic surgery is to restore the functions and appearance of tissue and skin to be close to normal as possible, such as, repairing abnormalities that have existed since birth e.g. cleft lips, webbed fingers. Repairing areas damaged by the removal of cancerous tissue, repairing extensive burns and other serious injuries. Over time, plastic surgery has been used mainly to enhance parts of the body regardless of them not being damaged or defective. This area of plastic surgery has being termed as cosmetic surgery which is the surgery performed by many to enhance their physical appearance such as bust enhancement, liposuction and facial contouring etc. The intent of cosmetic surgery is to improve a patient’s aesthetic appeal, symmetry and proportion. It has less to do with repairing abnormal or defective tissues. While cosmetic surgery is done mostly by women, there is also a high percentage of men who undergo the surgery. According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, 1.3 million males and 14.5 million females performed plastic surgery in the United Sates in 2017. According to the same report $16.7 billion was spent on cosmetic plastic surgery in 2018. Although the risk of plastic surgery is now claimed to be rare, there are still risks involved in it such as bleeding, infection, nerve damage, organ damage, scarring, death etc. There is the possibility of a failed surgery leaving the patient looking worse than before, the risk of employing the services of a quack and the obsession with cosmetic surgery which pushes a person to find imperfection in their body till they look the perfect image of a child doll. The complete recovery time is mostly up to a year, this is not a short period. Interestingly, the effects of plastic surgery can still wear off, nothing last forever and plastic surgery is no different. Plastic surgery does not stop aging and does not mean that a person cannot end up becoming as shapeless as they were before the surgery. Undergoing plastic surgery does not mean a woman would look beautiful or most necessarily feel better about herself. Despite all these, the question still remains why do women undergo the surgery? WHY WOMEN UNDERGO PLASTIC SURGERY According to a 2019 survey by RealSelf/Harris Poll, the top cited motivations among those who have had or are thinking about cosmetic surgery is “to improve self-esteem/confidence” and “to look as good as I feel”. The likelihood of women committing plastic surgery is linked to the body image they want to portray in public and the desire to love their body, they lack self-confidence and perceive they would live life better when they are satisfied with their appearance. There is an increasing focus on the body as a vehicle for identity and social worth. Daily, society defines what a perfect figure should be and stereotypes women who do not fit into this category. These women are body-shamed and rather than aging being seen as a completely natural and predictable part of life, aging is now being represented as a pathological disease that modern science must cure. Reports show that cosmetic surgery became more popular during the pandemic, the reason is not far-fetched as people had more time to make use of video technology, interact better on social media and watch television shows where they see television personalities, models with body shape and face termed as perfect. More screen time, cameras, selfies has further contributed to how women perceive themselves, these technologies come with filters that proportions the face and body to any desired particular look. Women therefore want a reality of what they see in posters and filtered selfies. In the not-so-distant past cosmetic surgery was only performed by the uber-wealthy, but nowadays a not-so-rich working-class woman, preferably with a double income can undergo the surgery. The surgery is therefore more affordable. It is also safer because of technological advances, as such women are rest assured that the risk involved is not as hideous as it used to be and because people are talking more about the surgery, there is increased acceptance, portraying the topic less of a taboo and more of a fashion statement. PANACEAS Modern technology has evolved to the extent that there are less invasive treatments women can use to have their desired body. These include, laser treatment where lasers are used to treat skin diseases, wrinkles, scars etc. coolsculpting, a fat freezing method that aims to get rid of stubborn fat in certain parts of the body, botox injections that relaxes facial muscles. Although these treatment are less invasive, they still alter the body. For instance, botox temporarily paralyzes muscles, and lasers damage skin cells to stimulate the growth
Nigerian Ladies And The Rising Craze For A Banging Body by Chukwuemeka Oluka.
Call it body modification, improvement or enhancement; the truth is that the craze by many Nigerian ladies to alter their bodies, all in the bid to get that elusive ‘perfect look’ has reached an insane level. Many of them would even go under the knife just to achieve that banging body, the one in similitude with Nicki Minaj, Shakira or Beyonce. Recently, there was an uproar on Twitter on June 2nd, 2022 after a Nigerian lady, Christabel, reportedly dies in a Lagos hospital through a body enhancement procedure. The uproar started when a certain Twitter handle, @poshcupcake_1, called out the hospital over the death of her friend. According to her, the hospital kept mute about Christabel’s death and didn’t find it needful to contact any of Christabel’s relatives. In the series of tweets that went viral, @poshcupcake_1 disclosed that a few friends who knew Crystabel had gone for surgery decided to go to the hospital to check on the late Christabel after they felt she was supposed to have returned. The Twitter user also alleged that the deceased complained of bleeding after the surgery, but the doctor assured the victim it was a usual post-surgery symptom. Barely five days after Christabel’s death, the News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) reported another death involving a socialite, Temitope, following complications from a gastric bypass surgery – one intended to shrink the size of her stomach. Channels Television had also reported that a 29-year-old Omotola Taiwo nearly lost her life after a botched surgical procedure in January 2020. In February 2019, Nigerians were also hit with the sad news of the death of a beauty queen, Onwuzuligbo Nneka. She died following a botched cosmetic surgery to get her buttocks enlarged. ThisDayLive reported that a Lagos-based surgeon, Dr Anu Adepoju who usually hires foreign doctors to help her out with surgeries, decided to personally do the procedure on the late Nneka, but things got complicated and it led to Nneka’s death. Tracing these incidences underscore the rising craze for cosmetic surgery and its potential dangers; yet, stories abound in Nigeria of those who had had successful operations to have their dream bodies. Nollywood actress, Tonto Dike has been quite vocal about some of her body enhancement procedures. She would not be ashamed of modifying her body. According to her, she had conquered the stereotype and stigma that goes with it and then, broken away from the norm. In her post captured on ThisDayLive of 28th February 2021, she was quoted thus, “Where are the aprokos that said surgery is not good ooo? May my old body be your portion, rolling eyes…If I slap you, your eyes will shift.” It may sound funny trying to imagine her countenance and tone of voice as she rolled her eyes and seemingly shifted one’s eyes with a slap. But then, this shows she has owned her decisions with her full chest. However, the story is different for other ladies who had had similar surgical procedures but would talk about it in hushed tones to avoid being stigmatized. They usually use exercise and dietary plans as smoke screens to account for their magical body transformation. Little wonder netizens would wake up to the news of one socialite or Nollywood celebrity who has gained a curvy and hour-glass figure overnight. But beyond the stereotype and stigma, stories like these might indicate cosmetic surgery has come to stay in Nigeria despite the risks. Body modification procedures are fast-growing in Nigeria and it’s seemingly making up for lost time given their popularity and acceptance. As widely reported, the rise of cosmetic surgery among Nigerian women can be traced to Modupe Ozolua. TheGuardian reported that in 2001, the American-Nigerian philanthropist and entrepreneur launched her plastic surgery company, ‘Body Enhancement Limited.’ She would later follow it up with an aesthetic lasers business in 2007. As of today, facilities that handle cosmetic surgeries have sprung up in major Nigerian cities giving credence to the rise of the body aesthetic business in Nigeria. It is alleged some medical facilities even became popular for rendering free surgeries to ladies who had over 11,000 social media followers and are willing to post online their surgical procedures with their faces revealed. What used to be a guarded secret and exclusive reserve among the rich and famous, has now become trending. This is why poorly qualified practitioners are taking advantage of vulnerable and desperate patients, and this increases the risks involved with having body enhancement procedures. The most popular of these procedures include liposuction, butt enlargement, abdominoplasty and breast job. During liposuction, excess fat is removed to improve body contours. For butt enlargement, liposuction is used to transfer fat to the buttocks to make it larger. Abdominoplasty (or tummy tuck) is done to improve the shape and appearance of the abdomen. For the breast job, it can involve breast augmentation or breast reduction. For breast augmentation, it is a procedure carried out if a woman feels her breast are too small, if one breast is larger than the other or if she feels her breasts have sagged due to pregnancy or breastfeeding. Breast reduction however is mostly done if a woman has large and heavy breasts. Most times, breast reduction help provide relief from physical discomfort, while breast augmentation more often improves aesthetic appearance. Other body enhancement procedures involve the use of injectables to achieve augmented cheeks and lips. Wrinkles and signs of ageing can also be removed from the face via a facelift procedure called Rhytidectomy. Some ladies also insert seasoning cubes into their anus to get their buttocks enlarged. Some reasons these ladies enhance their appearance are to get the aesthetic appeal and to build self-confidence. This is probably the only way they can conquer the body-shaming blows they receive daily. There is also the obsession some ladies have with perfection as well as the desire to look like their favourite celebrities they see every day on their screen. The use of filters by these Instagram celebrities has
The Cosmetic Surgery Panorama by Solomon Ekoja.
Jane: Kai! This sun no dey smile today at all at all. Abeg make I enter road wait for okada…. While waiting Anita: Omor! Na who be this? Longest time Jane: I tell you. No talk, no see Anita: How you dey na? Jane: I dey fine jareee….. Only say e remain to marry Anita: I see. Ehen…. E get one day I bin see your selfie for Facebook. You been just dey anyhow. I look your face soteeee I conclude say your nose resemble melon. How you wan take get husband with this kind firewood body? I been dey your shoe 7 years ago but one Dr Wazobia na him butter my bread comot me from that wahala. Jane: Flabbergasted with mouth wide open and lost in thought. So my nose resemble melon? She rhetorically asked. Anita: E be like say your mind no dey here as she taps Jane Jane: Ehen!…. Emmm…. Emmmm so how the doctor do am for you? Anita: Na cosmetic surgery oh! Jane: Chineke! Cosmetic wetin? Anita: I say cosmetic surgery Jane: Hmmmmmmm! No be that thing been kill Stella Obasanjo when we been dey secondary school? Me, I no fit do am Anita: And you wan marry? You go old for there. Make I dey go abeg Jane: Abeg wait first. Na wetin I talk dey make you vex? Anita: You no wan serious na Jane: Like how much? Anita: One million naira Jane: You wan kill me. I no get that money Anita: No worry, na my customer. I go tell am make him reduce the money to 250, 000 naira Jane: Sighs… oya, make I go prepare make we go the hospital jare. By thunder by force, my body must resemble Rihana and I must marry dis year Anita: Correct babe, make we dey go. Jane: Okada…… okada……. The fictional conversation between Jane and her long-time friend Anita summarizes the chemistry behind the increasing interest for body enhancement among women. Plastic surgery, also known as “cosmetic surgery” is the practice of performing operations to repair or replace skin, which has been damaged, or to improve people’s appearance. The word “plastic” originates from the Greek word “plastikos” meaning to mould or reshape. The history can be traced to documentations about the use of surgical means for correcting facial injuries more than 4000 years ago. Plastic surgery however began in ancient India where physicians used skin grafts for reconstructive surgery as early as 800 B.C. In Nigeria, the specialty has come a long way with a checkered history that dates back to the post independent era, beginning with expatriate surgeons like Mr Michael Norbert Tempest at the University College Hospital Ibadan. During the early stage of practice, the main base was in the Southern part of the country before it spread to other parts of the country5. These centres helped in correcting defects among victims of the civil war but as years past, the prominence of the industry waned. The industry regained prominence again with Modupe Ozolua in 2001, when she launched her cosmetic surgery business followed by an aesthetic lasers in 20073. Many women craved for body enhancement then but after the death of Stella Obasanjo because of complications from a cosmetic surgery at a clinic in Puerto Banus, Spain on the 23rd of October 2005, there was a drastic decline. From my observation, the recent crave for plastic surgery can be traced to the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic, the global lockdowns and rising use of technology. As the movement restriction provided an opportunity for more video chats, Zoom usage jumped 67% between January and mid-March 2020. Ladies leveraged upon its use to satisfy their needs for social interactions with friends and families. As these women conversed, they started noticing defects in their body parts prompting their search for remedies. Being helpless and desperate, their flip through the pages of Instagram and other social media outlets expose them to advertisements by plastic surgeons showing viral videos of them performing plastic procedures on their patients with testimonials. According to Dr Libby, “When webcams record at shorter focal lengths, the result is an overall more rounded face, wider set eyes, broader nose, taller forehead, and disappearing ears, obscured by cheeks which trigger a sort of dysmorphia that pushes patients to seek cosmetic procedures to improve their appearance on video conferencing calls”. No wonder, rhinoplasty, eyelid surgery, facelift surgery became the top three cosmetic surgical procedures within the same year. Like honey comb that never satisfies, these ladies then migrate from breast to butt, nose, eye, fore head, face lifts, lips treatments until they are transformed into “selfie goddesses”. Possible remedies Since the advancement in technological use due to the pandemic, lack of self-esteem among ladies, advertorials by plastic surgeons, peer pressure and the poor output by modern cameras contributed greatly to the rising crave for plastic surgery. Therefore, remedies to be employed needs to be positioned to accurately address these salient issues. Firstly, women should be taught the virtue of self-love and esteem from an early age irrespective of accompanying physical defects. Nature has made women uniquely beautiful but failure to be equipped with this fore knowledge makes them under appreciate themselves. Families, religious, cultural and educational leaders saddled with the responsibility of training the girl child should inculcate these priceless values to re-orient the mind-set of the female gender to overcome future temptations to seek cosmetic surgery. From my interactions with ladies, I came to understand that public perception and negative influence of peers often exposes them to depression and exploitation by botched cosmetic surgeons. The public needs to be enlightened to avoid using derogatory comments capable of deflating the self-esteem of women. In addition, role models and celebrities from whom many of our ladies model their life after should avoid the practice of body enhancement and be drafted into the fight. Ladies craving for plastic surgery often develop interest for the procedure while watching music videos and movies.
Exploring The Political Apathy Among Nigerian Youths by Ekoja Solomon
By equipping oneself with political knowledge, one builds a motivational force to achieve ones interests and make decisions that conform to ones preferences
An Examination of the Youth’s Aloofness in Political Participation by Chukwuemeka Oluka
For #Week47, Chukwuemeka Oluka writes on the possible reasons why young people seem disinterested in political discussions and the way to correct the issue.
The Helpless Nigerian Youth by Oluwatimilehin Folarin
For #Week47, Oluwatimilehin Folarin focuses on the differences between social and political discourses and draws reasons why young Nigerians show more interest in the former.
Political Apathy Among The Youths by Esther Ojetunde.
“One of the penalties for refusing to participate in politics is that you end up being governed by inferiors”- Plato Youths, most especially in a country like Nigeria, do not like to involve themselves in anything political. They prefer to spend such time or effort on things that are more social, like social events, social media and other things. Why does this happen? Did the old generation send the wrong message of what politics is to us? What effects does this cause on our nation? What can we do to salvage this situation? We will be looking at this in the course of this article. Now let us define some terms. What is Political Discourse? Political discourse “refers to the discourse practices engaged in by all actors – from politicians and organizations to citizens – in a political process.”[1] What is Social Discourse? “Social discourse is speech or text communication that involves a social element.”[2] Who is a Youth? “Youth is the time of life when one is young, and often means the time between childhood and adulthood (maturity). It is also defined as the appearance, freshness, vigor, spirit, etc., characteristic of one who is young”[3] Reasons why Youth Participate in Social Discourse. Parents and guardians of young people have not been able to understand why young people love to be more socially inclined than their generation. Taking social media for example, a parent can not rap their head around why young are constantly chatting, taking pictures, involving in challenge and checking the number of followers they have.These are some of the reasons for this; “1.Develop better social skills 2.Feel less isolated 3.Learn about new cultural and societal ideas and issues 4.Bond with their friends 5.Have fun 6.Be creative and share their own ideas with friends 7.Be better equipped to be active citizens in society 8.Develop real world skills to help them become more independent 9.Learn about world events and current affairs outside of their immediate environment”.[4] Reasons why Youth do not Participate in Political Discourse The change they want cannot be achieved in politics Lack of trust in the system. Lack of information Godfatherism 5.Absence of Security at voting centers. Other reasons why young people do not want to involve in politics or anything political are “6.The use of thugs, cultists, criminals and militants to intimidate political opponents. Hyper-critical negative media: Negative political news coverage and political criticisms, which in most cases are not always constructive, create cynicism in many Nigerians. Thus, voters are at times over-fed with falsehood and frightening images of the political environment. Illiteracy and poverty: Illiteracy and poverty are two powerful forces which militate against political participation in Nigeria. Victims of these forces have little or no interest in political activities. Failure of elected political office holders to honor electioneering promises and the imposition of candidates on voters by political parties. “[5] The change they want cannot be achieved In the world, young people are the majority. Being young is characterized by passion, energy and positive thinking. Young people believe solely in change, most live on the mantra of change being the only constant thing. Throughout time in history, young people have been seen causing great transitions, inventions and scientific discoveries. They also want to see good governance and security. They want to see a new nation, but these things are like mirages. They are dreams that are not tangible. This just discourages young people, and they just fold their ends to watch how it unfolds. Even when young people participate, it still lands in the hands of old people. It is just a cyclical system.[6] Lack of Trust in the System Trust is defined as, “firm belief in the reliability, truth, or ability of someone or something.”from Oxford Dictionary. A cycle of bad governance, with people having hope today and the hope getting dashed tomorrow. It becomes tough for young people to keep hope and trust in the government. The trust gets diminished, and young people get distracted in other things totally different from politics. Lack of Information Availability of information is one of the most vital keys to good governance. Making an avenue for young people to have access to public documents serves as a critical tool to shuning corruption, enabling them to participate fully in public life, making the governments more efficient, encouraging participation and investment, and then helping people exert their fundamental rights. [7] Godfatherism Godfatherism is “A form of political corruption in which an influential individual handpicks another, often less influential candidate, to attain leadership in order to exert authority or influence. This may be due to the unpopularity of one candidate, or to work around incumbency term limits”, according to Wiktionary. Godfatherism is like a cankerworm to the fabric of good governance. Where the godson has to dance to the tune of the Godfather. He listens to the will of the Godfather more than he listens to people. The God father gives him the platform to get to a position and in turn he returns the favor like a return on investment. Young people are lost not wanting to have a Godfather. You cannot beat them, you join them. The passion that comes is sipped out of them, and then they lose interest. What are the Consequences of Young People not Participating in Politics? It breeds bad leadership. It causes an economic meltdown. It reduces what democracy stands for you. Tyrant leadership There is corruption It breeds bad leadership Leadership is service. A good leader for a cause is a faithful servant to that cause. A leader that gets into office to satisfy his or her own needs would not bother about the needs of the people. In tough situations, he is not able to empathize with the people cause he has no connection to them. He sees himself like someone that just directs and not someone to emulate. A person who is not moved by insecurity once his family is safe or not concerned with the
Bestiality Is More Common Than Men Think; The Nature, Causes and Effects by Precious Aliu
Upon response to a report, a seven month old puppy was found discarded like thrash by the Humane Rescue Alliance, a non-profit organization.
Bestiality as a Form of Animal Abuse, its Causes and Effects on the Society by Precious Ugochukwu
Albeit these causes, the major causes of bestiality is largely dependent on the kind of society i.e. conservative and liberal societies. In liberal societies i.e. highly progressive and modern democratic societies like Europe, USA,
Exploring Bestiality and its Effects on Society by Ekoja Solomon
Although research does not consistently give precise rates of bestiality, classic studies indicates that 5 to 8% of males engage in bestiality, while between 3 to 4 % of women do
Between Monogamy and Polygamy: Choosing a Better Marriage by Ojetunde Esther
At first the polygamy was very popular in the west part of Africa, but as the Islam has started to diffuse in this region, the prevalence of polygamy has started to continuously reduce due to the restrictions that appeared to the number of wives.
Polygamy Or Monogamy: An Examination of Both Marriage Forms by Chinonso Nzeh
Monogamy is practiced by progressive families. A common reason people practice monogamy apart from religious belief is for fruitful companionship.
Between Polygamy and Monogamy: A Battle of Choice by Solomon Ekoja
Both marriages are not alien to youths because as one moves around the community, it is very common to find monogamous and polygamous marriages.
